Technical Efficiency Analysis of Container Terminals in the Middle Eastern Re…

Despite an increasing number of studies on the efficiency of container terminals, their focus has mostly been on advanced and emerging markets. There are limited studies on container terminals in developing countries such as those of the Middle Eastern region, which are located in a critical geographic position in the international maritime route between the East and the West. Information on th…

US container terminal leasing and pricing

Income from leasing container terminals and terminal facilities over the last 15 years has risen from miniscule levels to a point where it now represents a majority of the total income at some us ports [l]. This paper reviews the methods used to lease container terminals and terminal facilities, examines the leasing methodologies and pricing approaches used by us public port authorities, and di…

The ownership and management structure of container terminal concessions

It is now over 25 years since the widespread concessioning of container terminals began. This article examines the impact of concessioning on the balance between public and private sector control, the use of competitive tendering to assign concessions, the structure of the Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) to which concessions were originally awarded, and the way in which the ownership of these S…

The corporate geography of global container terminal operators

The terminal and stevedoring industry has expanded substantially in recent years with the emergence of global container terminal operators controlling large multinational portfolios of terminal assets. This paper deals with the emerging corporate geography in the container terminal industry with issues related to the similarities or differences among terminal locations, the processes leading to…

The container terminal community

Over the past 30 years, technological developments have not only aOEected the design and operation of the port function, but also the organizational and institutional relationships within the port community. Two inter-organizational interaction models are presented, drawing on the ® ndings of over 200 in-depth interviews with senior managers representing terminal operators, shipping lines, fee…

Scheduling trucks in container terminals using a genetic algorithm

Trucks are the most popular transport equipment in most mega-terminals, and scheduling them to minimize makespan is a challenge that this article addresses and attempts to resolve. Specifically, the problem of scheduling a fleet of trucks to perform a set of transportation jobs with sequence dependent processing times and different ready times is investigated, and the use of a genetic algorithm…

Scheduling material handling vehicles in a container terminal

Increasing global trade has created the need for efficient container ports. The goal of the port is to move containers as quickly as possible and at the least possible cost. Goods that are delayed at the port are inevitably tardy when delivered to the customer, and thus sanctioned by late charges. Two key activities in the port are (i) unloading of containers from truck and then storage in the …

Quay crane scheduling in container terminals

The problem of scheduling identical quay cranes moving along a common linear rail to handle containers for a ship is studied. The ship has a number of container-stacking compartments called bays, and only one quay crane can work on a bay at the same time. The objective of the scheduling problem is to find the work schedule for each quay crane which minimizes the ship’s stay time in port. Find…

Productivity of first-generation container terminals: Sydney, Australia

In 1969 the first of Sydney's purpose-built container facilities in Port Jackson, the Seatainer terminal, became operational. Later, in 1973, the second terminal at Glebe Island, a common-user facility, shared the task of handling the container traffic for much of eastern Australia until the development of the new facilities in Botany Bay. The two terminals differed in almost every respect exce…

Optimal stack layout in a sea container terminal with automated lifting vehicles

Container terminal performance is largely determined by its design decisions, which include the number and type of quay cranes, stack cranes, transport vehicles, vehicle travel path and stack layout.We investigate the orientation of the stack layout (parallel or perpendicular to the quayside) on the throughput time performance of the terminals. Previous studies in this area typically use deter…

Joint planning for yard storage space and home berths in container terminals

Yard planning is essential for efficient operations in container terminals, especially for ports with limited storage space. To improve the utilisation of space and the efficiency of container handling in a terminal, operators require flexible yard space planning strategies to manage job workloads and yard-to-berth transportation costs. In previous studies, the inter-related decision making pro…

Inland container terminal—function and rationale

Increasing commercial and recreational pressures on urban waterfront lands, growing demand by seaports for back-up areas and changes in cargo-distribution concepts have caused the relocation of several port functions and the establishment of inland container terminals.

Hybrid Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for the Quay Crane Scheduling Pro…

The competitiveness of a container terminal is highly conditioned by the time that container vessels spend on it. The proper scheduling of the quay cranes can reduce this time and allows a container terminal to be more attractive to shipping companies. The goal of the Quay Crane Scheduling Problem (QCSP) is to minimize the handling time of the available quay cranes when performing the tasks of …

Heuristic estimation of container stacking and reshuffling operations under t…

This paper addresses a highly researched area, the reshuffling problem in ports, using a newparadigm-modified containership service order in light of credit risk assessment. Container stacking and reshuffling operations can cause ship delays and additional risk. In deep-sea terminals, outbound containers are tightly stacked according to the retrieval sequence. Due to lack of space, terminals st…

Gantry Crane Scheduling with Interference Constraints in Railway Container Te…

Railway container terminals, where gantry cranes are responsible for loading and unloading containers between freight trains and yards, are important hubs of hinterland logistics transportation. Terminal managers confront the challenge in improving the efficiency of their service. As the most expensive equipment in a terminal, the operational performance of gantry cranes is a crucial factor. In…

Evaluating the service requirements of dedicated container terminals: a revis…

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the service requirements of dedicated container terminals (DCTs). In this article, the service attributes (SAs) of DCTs were first discussed. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model was then constructed to measure the users’ perceived importance and dissatisfaction for each of the SAs. Based on these two measurements, a revised importance-performanc…

Evaluating straddle carrier deployment policies: a simulation study for the P…

Most container terminals in the world today are operating up to their capacities. In this paper, we have developed a decision support system to optimise yard operations by considering all container flows (import, export and transshipment) through the yard with the view to improving terminal performance and efficiency. In another paper, we proposed an optimization model that determines optimal c…

Does trigger point mechanism create monopoly power for Hong Kong container te…

In recent years, the Hong Kong port has been challenged by the emergence of the Shenzhen port. This gives rise to a concern that the high terminal handling charges (THC) levied by the Hong Kong terminal operators are undermining the competitiveness of the Hong Kong port. As the major container terminals in both Hong Kong and Shenzhen are operated by the Hong Kong terminal operators, the monopol…

Deriving decision rules to locate export containers in container yards

A methodology is proposed to determine the storage location of an arriving export container considering its weight. We consider the con®guration of the container stack and the weight distribution of containers in the yard-bay. A dynamic programming model is formulated to determine the storage location to minimize the number of relocation movements expected for the loading operation. We also de…

Determinants and strategies for the development of container terminals

The paper examines an important player in the container industry: the container terminal. We evaluate how terminal efficiency operation is affected by the following factors: terminal type, operation type, scale efficiency and returns to scale. In so doing, we test how the typology and operation of terminals and the level of scale efficiency that a terminal can achieve, represent significant fac…

Design and development of an intelligent context-aware decision support syste…

This paper describes a case study of the research and development of an intelligent context-aware decision support system (ICADSS) prototype for real-time monitoring of container terminal operations in Hong Kong. We present the system design and development of the prototype system, and discuss the experiences and lessons learned. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first identifiab…

CONTAINER TERMINALS AND UTILISATION OF FACILITIES

The central subject of this paper is the efficiency of container terminals. Based on a database of European maritime, rail, and barge container terminals a technical efficien- cy analysis has been made. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that large differences in terminal efficiency can be found in Europe among maritime container terminals. Terminals that specialise in containers only perf…

Yard operations in the container terminal-a study in the ‘unproductive move…

Research that examined the land utilization of the container terminals in a global perspective[1] revealed that the land utilization planned and achieved by Asian container terminals are much higher than the terminals in western Europe and North America. From the operational point of view, this has led to the question: `what are the impacts of these strategies in land utilization on the yard op…

Concession of the Piraeus container terminal: turbulent times and the quest f…

This paper examines the recent concession of the Port of Piraeus (OLP) container terminal to Cosco Pacific. Serious discussions on how to transform the terminal to landlord status started in 2004 and, after an aborted tender, a concession award was approved by the Greek parliament in 2009. The contract is now operational after strong opposition by the port unions and a renegotiation phase in 20…

Competitiveness of container terminal operating companies in South Korea and …

Burgeoning container port facilities have fostered intensified competition among container terminal operating companies (CTOCs). However, despite research into their survival strategies which identified antecedents of competitiveness including hard factors such as facilities, available cargo and cargo processing ability, softer factors spanning human resource management, networks and strategic …

Competitiveness of Asian Container Terminals

The paper analyzes factors affecting the competitiveness of Asian container terminals by including quantitative as well as qualitative factors such as operating capacity, convenient facilities, electronic documents handling capacity and connectivity to hinterland. I provide evidence that those factors have a nonnegligible role as to competitiveness of container terminals. The paper applies a pa…

Comparison of the operating performance of automated and traditional containe…

This paper explores key factors affecting the operating performance of container terminals, and compares the performance of various container yard (CY) facilities at the port of Kaohsiung using grey relational analysis (GRA) and the concept of entropy. The paper’s findings can be summarised as follows: (1) The most important attributes affecting the operating performance of CY equipment inclu…

Comparative evaluation of resource cycle strategies on operating and environm…

This paper examines the use of single and dual cycle operations for three types of resources, namely, quay cranes, vehicles, and yard cranes to improve the operating efficiency and reduce the energy consumption in a container terminal. Various cycle strategies are proposed and their corresponding estimation models, describing the stowage distributions of outbound and inbound containers on a shi…

Capacity Planning for Mega Container Terminals with Multi-Objective and Multi…

Container terminals play a signicant role as representative logistics facilities for contemporary trades by handling outbound, inbound, and transshipment containers to and from the sea (shipping liners) and the hinterland (consignees). Capacity planning is a fundamental decision process when constructing, expanding, or renovating a container terminal to meet the demand, and the outcome of this…

Biased random key genetic algorithm for the Tactical Berth Allocation Problem

The Tactical Berth Allocation Problem (TBAP) aims to allocate incoming ships to berthing positions andassign quay crane profiles to them (i.e. number of quay cranes per time step). The goals of the TBAPare both the minimization of the housekeeping costs derived from the transshipment container flowsbetween ships, and the maximization of the total value of the quay crane profiles assigned to the…

Automated guided vehicle system for two container yard layouts

The explosive growth in the freight volumes has put a lot of pressure on seaport authorities to find better ways of doing daily operations in order to improve the performance and to cope with avalanches of containers processing at container terminals. Advanced technologies, and in particular automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS), have been recently proposed as possible candidates for improvin…

An ERP approach for container terminal operating systems

The major characteristics of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) are an enterprise-wide system that covers all the business functions and information resources, integrated database, built-in best industry practice, packaged software and open architecture. ERP enables reduction of system development time, flexibility, standardization of workflow and effective business planning capability. ERP is …

Alignments between strategic content and process structure: the case of conta…

During the last three decades, technological innovations in cargo handling equipment have made it possible to automate operational processes in container terminals. Despite the increasing trend in terminal automation, little work has been done to develop theoretical guidelines for evaluating the benefits of this industrial practice. We assess terminal automation by focusing on whether strategic…

Aggregates cranes handling capacity of container terminals: the port of Kaohs…

This study looks at the degrees of interference for multiple cranes that work simultaneously at six major container terminals in the port of Kaohsiung. The results con®rm that there are di€ erent degrees of mutual crane interference among terminals where di€ erent operational modes are adapted in the container yards. RTG handling systems show a very high value of aggregate cranes exponent f…

A stochastic frontier model of the productive efficiency of Korean container …

A central objective of port privatization and/or deregulation policies is stimulating greater efficiency by engendering a more competitive market and commercial approach to management. Korea provides a prime example of a nation that is implementing such policies. Also, its ports play a pivotal role in world shipping, particularly in the ever-burgeoning container market. The success of these pol…

A simulation optimization approach for solving the dual-cycling problem in co…

Dual cycling is an operation technique whereby quay cranes perform loading and unloading operations simultaneously in the same ship bay. In this article, a mixedinteger programming model for quay crane dual-cycling scheduling is developed. The model considers the stowage plan of outbound containers and the operation sequence of quay cranes. To solve the model, a heuristic method, called bi-leve…

A Routing Algorithm for a Single Transfer Crane to Load Export Containers ont…

It is discussed how to route transfer crane during loading operation of export containers in port container terminal. We determine the number of containers which transfer crane picks up at each yard-bay as well as the sequence of yard-bays which transfer crane visits during the tour. The objective is to minimize the total container handling time of the transfor crane including the set-up time a…

A novel approach to yard planning under vessel arrival uncertainty

Many container terminals in the world adopt the consolidated yard planning strategy, where containers to be loaded into the same vessel are stacked in groups. This has been a good strategy because when a vessel is loading, yard cranes will be stationed at these locations, and the trucks shuttle between the quay cranes and the yard cranes almost in a conveyor belt fashion. These locations are op…

A note on a dynamic space-allocation method for outbound containers

Storage space is a critical resource in port container terminals. This paper discusses how to allocate storage space for outbound containers that will arrive at a storage yard. The main objectives of space allocation are to utilize space efficiently and make loading operations more efficient. Objective functions and constraints of both the direct and the indirect transfer systems are described …

A new lease charging system for Busan container terminals: a historical case …

This paper aims to examine the inherent problems in the old lease charging system at Busan container terminals, to explore the factors and rationale, both theoretically and practically, for developing a reasonable lease calculation model, and to articulate the design of an efficient lease charging system to enhance throughputs. On the basis of the above achievements, implications for the newly …

Real-Time Stacking System for dangerous containers in seaport terminals

In container terminals, many operations occur within the storage area including import, exportAbstract: In container terminals, many operations occur within the storage area including import, export Abstract: In container terminals, many operations occur within the storage area including import, expor and shifting containers. These operations must respect a set of rules and constraints in order…

Productivity changes in Chinese Container Terminals 2006–2011

In thepastdecades,nearlyalltheChinesecoastalprovincesandmunicipalitiesinvestedheavilyinthe construction ofseaportsandimplementedvariousfavourablepoliciestoimprovetheports'operations. How effectivelyhavetheseeffortsworked?ThispaperusesMalmquistproductivityindextodetermine and analyseproductivitychangeanditsdecompositioninChinesecoastalcontainerterminalsduring 2006–2011.We find thattheaveragegr…

Planning and scheduling for maritime container yards

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978-3-319-17025-1

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ix, 110 p.

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Critical factors for berth productivity in container terminal

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978-981-10-2431-3

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Seaside operations planning in container terminals

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978-3-7908-2191-8

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Dynamic shipping and port development in the globalized economy volume 1 : ap…

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978-1-137-51429-5

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xv, 229 p.

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Container terminal productivity: a perspective

The increasing competitiveness of the marine transportation industry has brought about demands that container terminal productivity be improved. MARAD, in cooperation with the National Research Council, has responded by developing a number of quantitative measurements for container terminal productivity. In this paper we discuss the problems and prospects of using such measurements to estimate …

Decision support for yard capacity, fleet composition, truck substitutability…

This paper presents the results of nine independent studies that link a seaport container terminal’s long-run average quay crane rate to various strategic and tactical decisions made by the terminal operating company. New numerical results on yard capacity, fleet composition, truck substitutability, and terminal scalability issues are obtained using a fully-integrated, discrete event simulati…

Container terminals in South Korea: problems and panaceas

Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth over the last three decades. This has largely been due to the adoption of export-oriented economic policies. This economic development has resulted in a rapid increase in export and import cargoes. Since the foreign trade of Korea is carried predominantly by sea transport (approximately 99.8% in terms of volume), ports play a crucial role in this pr…

Container terminal operation and operations research – a classification and…

In the last four decades the container as an essential part of a unitload- concept has achieved undoubted importance in international sea freight transportation. With ever increasing containerization the number of seaport container terminals and competition among them have become quite remarkable. Operations are nowadays unthinkable without effective and efficient use of information technology …