Article
Ecological modernization and the multi-scaled governance of sustainability in maritime transport
Ecological modernization (EM) is often presented as a suitable way to make societies, and the key industries on which they are dependent, environmentally and economically sustainable. This article focuses on the underlying factors that contribute to EM in the shipping industry.
The theoretical perspective used stems from critical EM and corporate
social responsibility research. The analysis aims to prove unrealistic
assumptions of EM in political terms and thereby to contribute to understanding the potential barriers to EM projects. The empirical results presented in this article are based on content analysis of Finnish and Danish maritime strategy documents and interviews conducted in
Finland in 2014–2016. The analysis of the policy documents shows
linkages between weak EM and strong technological framing of
maritime sustainability in Danish and Finnish maritime policies. Analysis
of the interviews demonstrates how, in a time of economic downturn, the positive prospects of EM, highlighted in Danish and Finnish maritime strategy documents, become contested at company level due to economic obstacles. The article ends with conclusions which stress that achieving sustainable maritime transport requires enlarging the scope of sustainability beyond emission control and into the role of transport in
society, taking into account how maritime business transactions are carried out in specific places around the globe.