Article
Estimating the impacts of demand response by simulating householdbehaviours under price and CO2signals
tTo facilitate the implementation of demand response (DR), it is necessary to establish proper methods toestimate and verify the load impacts of it. This paper develops a simulation model to investigate the jointinfluence of price and CO2signals in a DR program in the ex ante evaluation. It consists of a Markov-chainload model for forecasting the power demands of residential consumers and a scheduling program forproviding optimal schedules for smart appliances. A case study of the Stockholm Royal Seaport projectis analysed to demonstrate how to apply the simulation model to assess a DR program by simulatingconsumers’ behaviour change in response to the DR signals. The results show that consumers’ attitude tothe signals and willingness to change (expressed by weight and time preference) largely affect the loadshift, bill saving and emission reduction. Moreover, by observing the load shifts over different lengthsof the testing period, the model could also provide suggestions on the required testing period to getsufficient load data to distinguish the load patterns between consumers in different testing groups