Article
A non-structural test for competition in the container liner shipping industry
The liner shipping industry has experienced fundamental changes in recent years due to globalization, deregulation, horizontal/vertical integration, (increased) cooperation, rationalization, developments in information technology, consolidation and increased concentration. These developments may affect competition. As in other industries, competition in the (containerized) liner shipping industry matters for a number of reasons: it encourages the level of innovation (e.g. vessel size, low emission ships, tracking and tracing of cargo, etc.) and the quality and efficiency of
services rendered in the sector
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