Since the decline in sea ice north of Russia became clear in the early 1990s, ideas of using the northern route for sea transport between Europe and Asia have taken a hold of the shipping community. Large and small research projects with varying complexity and results have looked into this option. In this article, the available information is studied in detail and four scenarios for the costs a…
This paper addresses the remarkable institutional and economic changes in the Brazilian seaport system in the past 25 years. Port throughput has increased substantially following the growth in foreign trade and the institutional framework had remarkable changes, but it is still required to enhance private investment infrastructure by a clearer regulation and transport integration improvement. F…