Here, we test the hypothesis that commodities at their peak valuation are transported by air, while those at their inception and maturity are shipped by sea, as well as the theory that shippers choose air to transport high-valued commodities. We empirically investigated how the product lifecycle of commodities is reflected by shippers’ choices of air over seaborne transportation. We also assu…
Short distance inland container transport to Western European seaports provides opportunities for additional modal shift to intermodal transport, thanks to the concentration of transport flows transported to the immediate hinterland of these ports. The literature on modal choice behavior, however, fails to explain the (relatively low) success of this market segment. In this paper, a choice-base…
Containerization of bulk cargo has gradually emerged in recent decades, particularly along the US–East Asia trade route (China, Japan and South Korea). One of the background factors in the emergence of this phenomenon is an imbalance between eastbound and westbound container cargo movements along this route. Nonetheless, the factors that affect containerization have not yet been identified. W…