Panama has five main ports: Balboa and PSA Panama International on the Pacific, and Cristo´ bal, Manzanillo and Colon Container Terminal (CCT) on the Caribbean side. The government of Panama originally operated the ports of Balboa and Cristo´ bal. After being transferred from the United States government, most of these ports were privatized in the late 1990s. During this period, some por…
The period from 2007 through 2016 saw little change in the fundamentals of port governance in the United States. Instead, increased competition resulting from the consolidation of the ocean carrier industry, a slower forecast for U.S. container trade growth, port congestion on the U.S.West Coast and the potential for shifting trading lanes from an expanded Panama Canal became the predominant fo…