This paper demonstrates that the structure of ocean container freight rates has become more complex. A growing number of surcharges are being imposed by the carriers on their customers, surcharges that are not only adding significant extra costs but are highly variable over time. These elements are examined based on a data set on export rates from ports on the Northern European Range that have …
The objective of this paper is to explore how container freight rates vary globally and regionally and over time. This is achieved in part by considering freight rates as a measure of economic distance. Unlike absolute distance, which is invariant between locations, economic distance is a relative measure, but like absolute distance it can be mapped. In this paper, the geographical distribution…
The ports of Mediterranean basin have experienced significant growth in container traffic over the last decade. In the western Mediterranean two distinct types of port have emerged: the established ports of the northern part of the basin which serve a gateway function and a set of new ports in the south which act as transhipment hubs. In this paper we explore the dynamics of change and reveal h…