Specialization in shipping has been the most significant development in sea transport in recent times, driven by spectacular growth in international trade. Very large dry and liquid bulk carriers have appeared, and there has been a remarkable transition from conventional to what are termed unitized means of carriage in the general cargo trades. This has involved palletization, packaged timber…
The awarding of port services to private operators has become one of the most important tools for port authorities to retain some control on the organization and structure of the supply side of the terminal market. This paper discusses the awarding of terminals in European ports. The first part provides information on current practices of port authorities around Europe on tendering and contract…